Analysis of “Not Waving but Drowning” by Stevie Smith

Josh Robinson Dr. Joyce Huff ENG 206 Feb 5, 2013 Not Waving but Drowning People may not always be exactly what they seem on the outside just as a poem may have a deeper meaning than the story that is just on the surface. The poem Not Waving but Drowning by Stevie Smith is a great example of this. The author does a very good job at relating the death of a man by drowning and the reaction it causes in others to the deeper story of how the man is symbolically calling out to others who never come to help him get his life together.In the beginning of the poem, the first two lines are somewhat confusing. It refers to the main character as â€Å"the dead man† but then in the next line it mentions how he is moaning. This is confusing of course because as we all know, a dead man can’t make sounds. The next sentence though, seems more straightforward at first glance but as you move farther in the poem it’s meaning might not be so obvious. In the second stanza there is a ch ange from what seems to be the dead man speaking to others talking about what he was like when he was alive.It shows how, to other people, the man seemed happy, but it also seems as though the author means to give the impression that other people think that it was this one event that caused the man to finally break down. He says in the next stanza however that â€Å"†¦it was too cold always† which I think shows that he is saying that it was not merely one event that caused him to â€Å"drown†. His entire life consisted of reaching out to others for help but he never received it. In the beginning of the second stanza I would also like to point out how the author added â€Å"Poor chap† separated with a comma.I think the commas are likely used to emphasize that label that the author puts on the man from the viewpoint of others. It, in a way, shows how others may pity this man because of how great he had it until this single event. This is ironic because if you read the poem more than once, you’ll see that in the last stanza he is essentially saying in the third line, â€Å"I was much too far out all my life†, that he was suffering not only in the his last moments but throughout his entire life.If you look at the ways that the poem is written out, it kind of helps to separate the different clues that the author gives to you. In the very first line, it uses commas to separate â€Å"the dead man†. Even though it didn’t separate any of the other instances of the author referring to the man as â€Å"dead†, I think that it is written in this way so that you will realize that it might not mean dead in the literal sense of the word but in a more symbolic sense. As though to help that idea be emphasized each time that you come across that phrase.Also, if you noticed, â€Å"And not waving but drowning† was used both at the end of the first stanza as well as the end of the last stanza. In the first stanza i t is used merely as a way to get you to recognize the importance of it when it comes around again. It is placed here with the understanding that its true meaning may not be as clear until the next time that you see it. When you see it again though, you have enough information to where you can start coming to conclusions about what the author really meant to symbolize when he said that the man was drowning.In the second stanza, â€Å"They said† is placed in a line on its own which is unusual compared to the rest of the poem. It seems as if it was put there separately to draw attention to the contrast between what others thought of this man and how he knew his life to be as well as showing the importance of both it and the line before it, which is also abnormal in the fact that it is quite a bit longer than the rest of the lines in the poem. There are many poems that say one thing but completely mean another.Not everything is black and white in poetry just as in other art forms . Some may be more difficult than others to see a different meaning behind the text but through clever uses of words, imagery, and symbols just about any poem can be examined more closely for different meanings, thoughts, or ideas that the author is trying to convey. Poems should be broken down and examined in sections. Each section may have different clues as to what the author’s underlying meaning could be. This makes understanding the poem as a whole a lot easier.I found it very helpful in this poem (and other poems), as we learned in class, to read into things more and question everything. There could be a simple object that creates a completely different meaning to the poem once you find out it’s significance. Also, finding multiple definitions or even definitions you might not know such as the word larking was very helpful. I didn’t quite know the meaning of that word, but in looking it up, I basically came up with my entire argument for what I thought the meaning of the poem was.Figuring out a poem is almost like figuring out a puzzle. The only real difference is, the pieces aren’t cut out for you. You have to look at the bigger picture and find the logical pieces to cut out and then examine them individually. When you are done looking at them and figure out how to put them back together they could very well become a completely different picture from the one that you had originally broken down into pieces.

Chapter 4 Public Finance Answers

Part 2 – Public Expenditure: Public Goods and Externalities Chapter 4 – Public Goods 1. a. Wilderness area is an impure public good – at some point, consumption becomes nonrival; it is, however, nonexcludable. b. Satellite television is nonrival in consumption, although it is excludable; therefore it is an impure public good. c. Medical school education is a private good. d. Television signals are nonrival in consumption and not excludable (when broadcast over the air). Therefore, they are a public good. e. An automatic teller machine is rival in consumption, at least at peak times.It is also excludable as only those patrons with ATM cards that are accepted by the machine can use the machine. Therefore the ATM is a private good. 2. a. False. Efficient provision of a public good occurs at the level where total willingness to pay for an additional unit equals the marginal cost of producing the additional unit. b. False. Due to the free rider problem, it is unlikely that a private business firm could profitably sell a product that is non-excludable. However, recent research reveals that the free rider problem is an empirical question and that we should not take the answer for granted.Public goods may be privately supported through volunteerism, such as when people who attend a fireworks display voluntarily contribute enough to pay for the show. c. Uncertain. This statement is true if the road is not congested, but when there is heavy traffic, adding another vehicle can interfere with the drivers already using the road. d. False. There will be more users in larger communities, but all users have access to the quantity that has been provided since the good is nonrival, so there is no reasons larger communities would necessarily have to provide a larger quantity of the nonrival good. 3.We assume that Cheetah’s utility does not enter the social welfare function; hence, her allocation of labor supply across activities does not matter. a. The public good is patrol; the private good is fruit. b. Recall that efficiency requires MRSTARZAN + MRSJANE = MRT. MRSTARZAN = MRSJANE = 2. But MRT = 3. Therefore, MRSTARZAN + MRSJANE > MRT. To achieve an efficient allocation, Cheetah should patrol more. Chapter 4 – Public Goods 4. The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence is a public good because it is nonrival and presumably non-excludable. The government should pay for the research only if the SMB is greater than the SMC. . Aircrafts are both rival and excludable goods, so public sector production of aircrafts is not justified on the basis of public goods. If policymakers erroneously assume that the benefits of the mega-jetliner are public, then they would find the efficient level of production by vertically summing demand curves rather than horizontally summing demand curves. This causes the benefits to be significantly overstated and could be used to justify such high costs. 6. It is unlikely that if Pemex were privati zed that the situation would lead to a monopoly situation. Comparing oil production to telephone service is not a correct comparison.In the case of the telephone company, there was only one provider of telephone service. In the case of oil production, there would be only one producer in Mexico, but many competitors providing oil from which Mexico could buy. The newly privatized company would have to compete to sell its goods. It would likely become more efficient than the state run company because of this competition. 7. This debate is similar to the debate about private versus public education. Public sector production is often associated with higher costs (for both schools and prisons), but there may be other reasons society would prefer public to private provision.These reasons typically relate to equity considerations. For schools, the main argument is to make sure everyone child has the opportunity for a good education. For prisons, there may be a fundamental conflict between f air and humane treatment of prisoners and keeping costs low. For example, equity might require that prisoners be fed nutritious meals, but giving them bread and water for every meal might be less expensive. This question asks students to give personal opinions about privatizing prisons, so there is no single â€Å"right† answer. 8.The experimental results on free-riding suggest that members of the community might voluntarily contribute about half of the required amount. The reason these citizens wanted to use private fundraising was because the state government redistributed tax dollars from wealthy districts to poor districts (the so-called Robin Hood plan), so using private donations was a way to avoid losing tax dollars to other districts. 9. Books are not a public good. They are both rival (two people cannot read a book at the same time) and excludable (you can keep a person from reading a book).But if the goods libraries provide are a sense of community or a better educa ted populace, these would qualify as public goods. If the public good aspect of the library is to produce a better educated populace, then perhaps the classic books are a better choice. 10. Hiring private military firms to provide military support in Afghanistan, Iraq, or Darfur would be similar to the example of airport security in the text. One might argue that a private firm would not provide adequate training, use unethical or especially aggressive methods to shorten the conflict, thus lowering costs to increase profits.Proponents would argue that such things could be stipulated in a well-written contract. However, no Part 2 – Public Expenditure: Public Goods and Externalities contract can specify every possible contingency. In high conflict situations this may be especially true as the opposing side will not be predictable. 11. a. Zach’s marginal benefit schedule shows that the marginal benefit of a lighthouse starts at $90 and declines, and Jacob’s margina l benefit starts at $40 and declines. Neither person values the first lighthouse at its marginal cost of $100, so neither person would be willing to pay for a lighthouse acting alone. . Zach’s marginal benefit is MBZACH=90-Q, and Jacob’s is MBJACOB=40-Q. The marginal benefit for society as a whole is the sum of the two marginal benefits, or MB=130-2Q (for Q? 40), and is equal to Zach’s marginal benefit schedule afterwards (for Q>40). The marginal cost is constant at MC=100, so the intersection of aggregate marginal benefit and marginal cost occurs at a quantity less than 40. Setting MB=MC gives 130-2Q=100, or Q=15. Net benefit can be measured as the area between the demand curve and the marginal benefit of the 15th unit. The net benefit is $112. 5 for each person, for a total of $225. 2. Each day the private decision of each fisherman would equate private cost with private benefit. Therefore, 7 would show up because then each fisherman would catch four fish. If the fishermen catch less than four fish, then they will stay home. The net benefits to society are 0 fish (the benefit to the seven fishermen is 4 fish (7Ãâ€"4=28) and the cost to society is 4 fish per fisherman (7Ãâ€"4=28)). The efficient number of fishermen to show up at the lake is the number that will maximize social net benefits, which happens where the social marginal benefit equals the social marginal cost.This occurs at four fishermen, where the net social benefits equal 12 fish (4Ãâ€"7 – 4Ãâ€"4). Access to the lake is an impure public good. It is rival – if one fisherman has access to the fish, the others have less access. It is, however, non-excludable because it is difficult to keep people from fishing at a lake. 13. Britney’s marginal benefit is MBBRITNEY=12-Z, and Paris’s is MBPARIS=8-2Z. The marginal benefit for society as a whole is the sum of the two marginal benefits, or MB=20-3Z (for Z? 4), and i s equal to Britney’s marginal benefit schedule afterwards (for Z>4).The marginal cost is constant at MC=16. Setting MB=MC along the first segment gives 20-3Z=16, or Z=4/3, which is the efficient level of snowplowing. Note that if either Britney or Paris had to pay for the entire cost herself, no snowplowing would occur since the marginal cost of $16 exceeds either of their individual marginal benefits from the first unit ($12 or $8). Thus, this is clearly a situation when the private market does not work very well. Also note, however, that if the marginal cost were somewhat lower, (e. g. , MC? ), then it is possible that Paris could credibly free ride, and Britney would provide the efficient allocation. This occurs because if Britney believes that Paris will free ride, Britney provides her optimal allocation, which occurs on the second segment of society’s MB curve, which is identical to Britney’s MB curve (note that Paris gets zero marginal benefit for Z>4). Since Paris is completely satiated with this good at Z=4, her threat to free ride is credit if Britney provides Z>4. See the graph below. Chapter 4 – Public Goods MBParis MBBritney

Death Penalty Mush Be Abolish in the United States

The death penalty must be abolished in the United States. Outline I. Death penalty must be abolished world A. Death penalty is the sentence of death for a person convicted of a capital offence, is currently used in 58 countries around the world, and is also legal sentence in 33  states. (Harrison, Tamony P2) B. Abolished to end the observance or effect. (www. merriam-webster. com) C. Preview 1. Background information of death penalty 2. Arguments between death penalty and human rights 3. Death penalty mistakes 4. Government financial burden of death penalty. 5. All I Can See proofII. Background information of death penalty A. History of death penalty B. Current debates on death penalty III. Arguments between death penalty and human rights A. The human rights organization opposes death penalty because of the inhumanity of this punishment 1. Human rights omissions 2. Moral issue B. The death penalty deprives criminal’s human of rights. The death penalty is against religionâ₠¬â„¢s principle of Buddhism. IV. The mistakes of the death penalty Death penalty cause innocent people after the execution. B. Unfairness of death penalty. 1. Race bias in the death penalty . Gender discrimination in the death penalty V. Government financial burden on the death penalty A. The death penalty costs are larger Government pays for the bill of execution of death penalty VI. All I can see part Brown land is a dead land; it referred to the influence of death penalty. VII. Death penalty must be forbidden in the world The death penalty must be abolished in the United States. â€Å"The death penalty, the sentence of death for a person convicted of a capital offence, is currently used in 58 countries around the world, and is also legal sentence in 33  states. Harrison, Tamony. P. 2)  Ã‚  One hundred and thirty nine countries in the world have abolished the death penalty under their systems of law. Clearly, the majority of the world already understands that the death penalt y must be abolished. This paper will prove the necessity of abolishing the death penalty. For the purpose of this paper, death penalty is defined in accordance with Harrison and Tamony. Abolish is defined as the end to the observance or effect of something (www. merriam-webster. com).Three main arguments will be put forward: the fact that the death penalty violates human rights, un-reversible errors have been and can be made in assigning the death penalty, and finally that it is a financial burden on the governments who still adhere to it. A literary proof based on the novel  All I Can See  will also be put forth to strengthen the case against the death penalty. In the seventeenth century, the death penalty was the major punishment to sentence criminals who committed capital crimes. In seventeen century, England government was authorized to hang criminals in public as a major punishment.However, the truth is the death penalty was not only used for the person who broke the law, i t was also used to eliminate political opponents. In Europe, before the modern prison system completed, the death penalty was used to sentence general criminals. During the time of Henry VIII, over 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed. During the year 1820 in Britain, about 160 crimes were punished by death, including crimes such as shoplifting, petty theft, stealing cattle, or cutting down trees in public place. ( Bedau.Hugo Adam, 3) Since World War II, the world set off a wave of abolishing the death penalty. According to information published by Amnesty International, 97 countries had abolished capital punishment altogether, 8 had done so for all offences except under special circumstances, and 36 had not used it for at least 10 years or were under a moratorium. The other 57 retained the death penalty in active use. (Amnesty International, 10 June 2008. ) However, death penalty was always not use in heinous crimes. (See Table 1, Bedau.Hugo Adam, 7) Table 1: Capital c rime in the united states, by execution and number of jurisdiction, 1965 Type of offense| number of jurisdiction| Executions carried out between 1930 and 1965| Capitally punishable homicide| 44| Yes| Murder| 40| Yes| Other homicide| 20| Yes| kidnapping| 34| Yes| Treason| 21| No| Rape| 19| Yes| Carnal knowledge| 15| No| Armed robbery| 10| Yes| Perjury in a capital case| 10| No| Bombing| 7| No| Assault by a life-term prisoner| 5| Yes| Burglary| 4| Yes| Arson| 4| No| Train wrecking| 2| No| Train robbery| 2| No| Espionage| 2| Yes| Bank robbery | 2| Yes|Sabotage| 1| Yes| Desertion in wartime| 1| Yes| Other| 14| No| *source: Bedau 1982:9 From the table, it is clear that some non-homicide crimes still can be sentence to dead, such as assault by a life-term prisoner or bank robbery. On the contrary, other dangerous crimes are not to be used in the death penalty field, such as bombing and arson. In 1972, at the time of Supreme Court’s Furman, the majority of public tends to agree with the death penalty. The major reason for support of the death penalty was the serious violent offenders need to be executed in the interest of public safety.However, according to a Gallup poll, supporter for the death penalty dropped from 76 to 53, public started to against the death penalty. Since then, the world has the trend toward of abolishing the death penalty. The right to life is the most basic right for human beings. â€Å"The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights1 (ICCPR) prohibits the use of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment to deprived criminal liberty, which is referred to the death penalty. (Mukherjee Amrita, 2) In the past, hanging was the common method of capital punishment.Other methods including, crucifixion, drowning, beating and burning. Now, even lethal injection is the capital punishment, but prisoners may have experienced torturous pain during their executions. In the United States, New Jersey is the only st ates that allows public to watch the whole process. In the thirty-six states, â€Å"the same three-drug sequence for lethal injections: sodium thiopental to render the condemned inmate unconscious; pancuronium bromide to paralyze the condemned inmate’s voluntary muscles; and potassium chloride to rapidly induce cardiac arrest and cause death. (Fellner, J and Tofte, 23) However, according to Hyman Rights Watch research, this three-sequence puts prisoners at a high risk situation if the drugs does not affect. Yet to change the drugs sequence, government still chooses the old method by follow the policy. Moreover, inmates placed and unusual circumstances (death penalty diminishes the humanity of everyone it touches. ) and death row inmates will cause criminal’s mental illness and mental disabilities. Similarly, the European Convention on Human (ECHR) also claims that â€Å"no one shall be subjected to torture or other inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment. (Mukh erjee Amrita, 5) Moreover, unusual circumstances and mental pressure may lead to innocent people committed made-up crime. Moreover, the state of Michigan was the one of the earliest governments in the world to abolish the death penalty in 1846. But still, there is a hot debate about if law says kill people is a crime, but government still using the death penalty to sentence criminals, it is also seen as a broken law behavior. The death penalty is a serious moral error. The two points approach to the death penalty morality are consequentialist and deontological.The consequentialist theory believes that the death penalty accord with the human moral principles because it prevent potential murder. Sometimes, the government uses â€Å"aggregate welfare† as an excuse to using the death penalty. The welfare is using death penalty to deter potential criminals in order to achieve the purpose for reducing crime. At the same time, no one can guarantee that government follows the â€Å" aggregate welfare† rule to using capital punishment. â€Å"The government authorizes its agents to inflict capital punishment, but does not authorize private parties to murder; indeed it forbids murder. † (Sunstein, Cass R. and Adrian Vermeule. 13) This is an obvious moral contradiction between what government allows itself to do and what is disallows its citizens to do. The public regards the government action as a moral standard, the decision government made influences public opinion. On the other hand, the deontologist’s supporters believe that any killing is against moral principle. Life-life tradeoff is the key of the moral issue. This method is best way â€Å"to the extent that a refusal to impose capital punishment yields a significant increase in the number of deaths of innocent people† instead of risk-risk tradeoff. Sunstein, Cass R. , and Adrian Vermeule. 6) Authorize private parties to murder; indeed it forbids murder. A survey from Gallup about Values and Beliefs in American moral views of social issues shows that in 2012, only 58 people saying the death penalty is morally acceptable, and this number down from 65% compare with 2011. The dramatic drop shows that along with the society development, more and more people are tends to against death penalty. Another important survey exposes in 2010, this survey is about public opinion of whether put murders in the death penalty or stay in the prison for life.Less than half (49%) chose the death penalty, while 46% chose life without parole. (gallup. com) not everybody agrees abolished the death penalty, but from the statics, most citizens support to abolish the capital punishment. â€Å"For some such consequentialists, killings are, under ordinary, circumstances, a violation of rights, and this point is highly relevant to any judgment, about killings. † (Sunstein, Cass R. , and Adrian Vermeule. 15) The death penalty is a cruel punishment that should be abolish to accord w ith public opinion. The death penalty is against the moral principle of Buddhism.Considering that Buddhist take most of proportion of the world's population, especially in Asian nations. ( Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. 2) Compare to western religion, such as Christianity, the Buddhism focus on life meaning. The â€Å"Four Noble Truths† are the essential principle in Buddhism, first is† all life is characterized by suffering†; second, â€Å"ignorance, attachment, and anger cause human suffering†; third, the cause of suffering can be terminated; and the forth one is â€Å"suffering can be overcome through the â€Å"Noble Eightfold Path. These four rules is the basis of Buddhism morality, which decide what is good or bad. (Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. 4-6). For the death penalty, the death row is obvious unacceptable for the Buddhist. Even death penalty been use to punish criminals, but before the execution, the longtime death ro w will cause criminals mental illness. In Buddhism principle, all the creatures are have life, and needs to be respect, the memory and imagination makes people different from animals. (Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. ) The Buddhist follows up the rules of do not killing while the government sentence prisoners to death. Buddhism monks avoid to use violence, but in death penalty, even drowning, hanging was exist in the past, but the death row and metal torture still counts as violence. â€Å"Buddhist doctrines hold nonviolence and compassion for all life in high regard(Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. 13) Because the death penalty disrespect life value, abolishing is necessary. Since the justice system is not mistake-free, so an error will leads to an innocent person being executed.Based on Michael J Berwanger article, â€Å"Death Is Different: Actual Innocence and Categorical Exclusion Claims under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act,†Ã‚   there are two types of innocence: â€Å"one claiming actual innocence of the underlying offense, and the other claiming innocence of the penalty. (Berwanger Michael J  Page 3) However, both types of innocent people can be sentenced in death. A study from Columbia University, release by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Professor James Liebman says that â€Å"thousands of capital sentences that had been reviewed by courts in 34 states from 1973 to 1995.    There is a clear sign to show that justice system still have many mistakes. No one can guarantee the absolute justice. Moreover, Liebman also mentions that â€Å"†An astonishing 82 percent of death row inmates did not deserve to receive the death penalty,†Ã¢â‚¬  At last, he concludes that â€Å"‘One in twenty death row inmates are later found not guilty. ’† (ACLU. org) From the statics, it is clear there is no way to revise the death penalty mistake. Also, a survey from American Civi l Liberties Union shows that until February 2004, 113 inmates had been found innocent and released from death row. ACLU. org)  More than half of these have been released in the last 10 years. That means one person has been exonerated for every eight people executed. Yet for others who do not have a chance to release from death row are being executed. There have been over 1,000 people executed since 1976 also innocent. Hence, there is a list from a project of the University of the Michigan Law School and the Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University School of Law about known exonerations in the United States ? to support that the death penalty must be abolished.The death penalty is racist and gender bias According to an article â€Å"Racial Discrimination in the Administration of the Death Penalty: The Experience of the United States Armed Forces (1984-2005),† the race bias in the death penalty directly impeded justice. As we know, racial discrimination is a historical issue since the 19th century, which year is the blooming period of slave trade. Hundreds of years later, the discrimination between different races still exists. A report released by the New Jersey Supreme Court  in 2001 mentions that the death penalty possible use as a primary punishment for crime murder a white victim.The report proves that the race influences the judicial fairness; the race cannot determine the crime. Furthermore, a survey from The U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ) says â€Å"Of the 18 prisoners currently on federal death row, 16 are either African-American, Hispanic or Asian. † The color of one’s skin determined the severity of the punishment. Ironically, 84% of victims in death penalty cases are white, although only 50% of murder victims are white. (ACLU. org)   It is ridiculous and unacceptable that the color of a defendant has great influence on  decision who receiving the death penalty.Besides that, the death penalty is also as sociated with gender discrimination. The female victim cases more likely leads defendant to sentence death than the male victim cases. (Marian Williams R, Demuth Stephen and Holcomb Jefferson E. 3) Although the society advocates gender equality, the current justice system clearly violates this principle. Moreover, another debate between female and male is â€Å"female homicide victims may be perceived as engaging in less disreputable or contributing conduct associated with their own victimization compared with male victims. † Marian Williams R, Demuth Stephen and Holcomb Jefferson E. ) Race and gender play significant roles in today’s judicial system instead of laws; it is inevitable that the country abolish the death penalty. The death penalty is a financial burden on the government. Before the defendant is sentenced to death, there are many appears and re-trails. Generally, even the little mistake will raise the outcome. In the article â€Å"Minority Practice, Major ity's Burden: The Death Penalty Today†, there is a static to shows that death cases may spend more money than expected, and the figure could be as high as 78%. (Liebman, James S. ; Clarke, Peter.Page 51 ) Moreover, the death penalty costs a significant more amount of money than keeping criminals life in prison without parole. A research from California says that â€Å"California taxpayers pay at least $117 million each year at the post-conviction level seeking execution of people currently on death row, or $175,000 per inmate per year. † (Minsker Natasha 3) These statics shows how expensive to execute criminals instead of keep them in prison for life. On the other hand, the costs of general prison is $59 million a year, it is much cheap compare with the costs of death penalty.In addition to that, â€Å"everyone involved in a death penalty case must be specially ‘qualified’ as capable and experienced, including the defense attorney, the judge and the jury. † (Minsker Natasha. 7) Which means the government must spend a large amount of money to hire qualified person to inspect every death penalty cases. In fact, a research from federal system reveals that â€Å"prosecution costs were 67 percent higher than defense costs in death penalty cases. The same study found that defense costs in death penalty cases were four times higher than in non-death penalty cases. † (Minsker Natasha. ) The government should use the higher cost of the death penalty money on other programs of public safety. In the novel  All I Can See, there are some literary proof to support that death penalty must be abolished. In brown land, the brown butterfly was sparkly sentenced to death but he was innocence, and the brown land was a death row. When the beautiful fragile butterfly came, and told the brown butterfly the scenery of green land, actually she offers hope, which like reprieve to the brown butterfly, but he refuse to took it because he thought the chance that can be removed from death row is very small. Don’t be silly, flowers can’t be red, all the flowers are blue. I have seen some of my land is green too, but positively flowers can only be blue. † (Bloom. 10) Similarly, the beautiful butterfly’s strong shadow can be seen as convicted crime, so the fish ask her to come down that she can get a reprieve. â€Å"A shadow†¦and that is not good at all†¦You must know, little one, it is not good to break the flow, and especially not by creating strong shadow. † (Bloom. 26) from those two scenarios, it is clear that the capital punishment will threaten innocent people to accept plea bargaining to avoid death.Moreover, the world of green land is flourishing because there is no death penalty, so the beautiful fragile butterfly has the rainbow color bespeckled wings, and the bee also live in the green land. In the contrast, the brown land is a dead land, just the brown butterfly live there and he does not want to leave this land under death penalty pressure. â€Å"Yes, I am from this land, but no, I have not traveled beyond my land, and here I see only me. † The death penalty caused great mental damages to criminals, and leads decay of the society. From the material shown, it is obvious that the death penalty must be abolished.The inhuman execution method is a cruel torture that deprives criminals of their basic human rights. There is no way to reverse existing injustices which have led directly to the death of innocent people, and such mistakes prove that the death penalty must be abolished. Moreover, race bias and gender discrimination still exists today. Furthermore, keeping inmates on death row costs a larger amount of money in government finance, so abolishing the death penalty is the most efficient way to help government to unload this financial burden.In addition to that, from analyzing the book All I Can See, we can clearly see that the pressure the de ath penalty caused innocent people death by analysis the journey of butterfly cross the ocean. In order to preserve the people's human rights and maintain the stability of the country, the death penalty must be abolished. Abolishing the death penalty is the only way to ensure justice and control criminal costs. Citation 1. Bedau. Hugo Adam. â€Å"The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies. † Oxford University Press 1997. google book search. June 24 2012.June 24, 2012 2. Mukherjee, Amrita. â€Å"The Death Penalty as Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment. † Criminal justice. Journal of Criminal Law, Dec2004, Vol. 68 Issue 6, p507-519, 13p. The ICCPR as a ‘Living Instrument': June 24, 2012 3. Fellner, J, and Tofte, S. â€Å"So long as they die: Lethal injections in the United States. † 2006, 65p.Criminal justice. June 24, 2012 4. Sunstein, Cass R, and Adrian Vermeule. â€Å"Is capital punishment morally required? † Acts, omissions, and lif e-life tradeoffs. †Ã‚  Stanford Law Review  Dec. 2005: 703+. Criminal Justice Collection. Web. 10 July 2012 5. Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. â€Å"Mercy and Punishment: Buddhism and the Death Penalty. †Ã‚  Social Justice  28. 1 (2001): 231. Criminal Justice Collection. Web. 10 July 2012. < http://web. ebscohost. com. rlib. pace. edu/ehost/detail? sid=b1ef5f32-9e10-4cae-b8a9-ab941ce370e8%40sessionmgr112&vid=1&hid=125&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=cja&AN=5376332 > 6. Berwanger, Michael J. â€Å"Death Is Different: Actual Innocence and Categorical Exclusion Claims Under The Antiterrorism And Effective Death Penalty Act.   New England Journal On Criminal ; Civil Confinement  38. 2 (2012): 307-337. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Web. 10 July 2012. ( http://web. ebscohost. com. rlib. pace. edu/ehost/detail? sid=606d7b0d-5e02-4b278512310e443c2da9%40sessionmgr115;vid=1;hid=127;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=cja;AN=77479856) *h ttp://www. law. umich. edu/special/exoneration/Pages/browse. aspx 7. Newell Richard, et al. â€Å"Racial Discrimination in The Administration Of The Death Penalty: The Experience Of The United States Armed Forces (1984-2005). â€Å"Journal Of Criminal Law ; Criminology  101. (2011): 1227-1335. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Web. 10 July 2012. ( http://web. ebscohost. com. rlib. pace. edu/ehost/detail? sid=80aef264-f53f-4c62-8534-fd4b54d079f8%40sessionmgr112;vid=1;hid=127;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=cja;AN=73365192) 8. Marian Williams R, Demuth Stephen and Holcomb Jefferson E. â€Å"Understanding the Influence of Victim Gender in Death Penalty Cases: The Importance of Victim Race, Sex-Related Victimization, and Jury Decision Making. †Ã‚  Criminology  45. 4 (2007): 865-891. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Web. 10 July 2012.

Diversity of APAs as the Main Notion of The Wedding Banquet Film Movie Review

Diversity of APAs as the Main Notion of The Wedding Banquet Film - Movie Review Example For many people Asian and Pacific Islanders look quite identical, having the same traits of character and features. However, this assumption is totally fallacious. Like any other nation, Asians have diverse representatives of people’s tempers and natures, among which you can find individuals with their own peculiarities, problems, and visions. The diversity of APAs is the main notion of such movie like The Wedding Banquet by Ang Lee that tries to show Chinese culture and traditions in a full way. The mentioned film tells a story about a young man from China, Wai Tung, who lives in New York in a flat on Manhattan with his boyfriend. Persistent parents of the main hero, being unaware of their son’s preferences, have long-awaited intention to marry Wai Tung and see grandchildren. Taking the guy’s destiny in own hands, they enroll him into Taipei’s best club for single people, asking him to fill the required form with a description of his imaginary ideal woman . Without a desire to argue with his mother Wai writes to her that he wants a wife who is an opera singer, speaks several languages and has two PhDs. Being not even interested in opera or physics, he makes all those conditions up only to satisfy his mother. However, talking to his lover, Wai Tung admits â€Å"You are right. It’s kind of stupid, all these lies. But I’m used to it† (The Wedding Banquet). Later on, Simon suggests his boyfriend the plan of fictitious marriage to soothe and suppress assistance of Wai’s parents. It is important to mention that Wei Wei, the girl who rents Wai Tung’s flat and agrees to marry him, represents typical foreigner in America. She has lost her job because of which now she has no money for living and even her rent fee she pays with her paintings.

Tight Control in Beverage Operation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tight Control in Beverage Operation - Assignment Example Conversely, this has created a paradox in these arguments (R11). Therefore, the paper seeks to discuss three operational elements where tight control can affect customer satisfaction and operational ease and vice versa. Many organizations have policies and procedures that govern all its operations in service delivery to its customers. These policies and procedures ensure ease of operation and customer satisfaction. However, there may be elements of operation within a company where tight control affects customer satisfaction and the operational ease. For customer satisfaction, important operations elements must be put in place. However, in case of a tight control of these operations, both customer satisfaction, and operational ease may be affected. For instance, good service, right strategy application, and beverage expertise are good examples of operational practices that enhance a smooth operational ease. If these operational practices are taken care of appropriately, customer satisfaction would also be achieved (Slack & Stuart 28). The operational practice, therefore, improves efficiency and visibility hence enhancing profitability, competitive advantage, and customer service. Expertise in a beverage is an essential component that enhances the operational ease and customer satisfaction. For a beverage company to achieve these, a team of experts of beverage should be in charge of handling the business. Operations and supply chains needs should guide these operations. These include technology and software selection, network design for the supply chain, and management of the workforce. These strategies need to be regulated depending on the customer needs and expectations in order to maintain customer satisfaction (Tamime 24). However, if a tight policy control is put in place without considering the customer needs, the satisfaction of the customers may be affected.

Operation management of Tom Pulling Toys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Operation management of Tom Pulling Toys - Essay Example The intention of this study is Tom Pulling Toys as a global manufacturer of educational toys. Its toys are being manufactured in China and sold in the European and US markets. However, due to rising competition and increasing customer complaints, the company is in a spot of bother. To tackle the situation the company is planning to adopt Total Quality Management practices in its operations. As a starting step, the company has decided to use Statistical Process Control at one of its doll manufacturing lines. For this, data collection has been done over a 30 day period. The data collection has been done from the point of view of colouring defects and the height of dolls as these were the two areas the customers complained about. As an output of the analysis on the collected data, the company needs to know whether its processes are in control. The company also needs recommendations in case the processes are not in control. For the first set of data regarding the number of colour defecti ves, firstly the mean number of defectives is calculated. C-chart is the most suitable chart for this purpose since it is used when number of defects or errors is given and the size of sample (here 200) is constant. Using the mean the two 3 sigma control limits are established as: Lower Control Limit (LCL) = c bar – 3 * (c bar)^.5 Upper Control Limit (UCL) = c bar + 3 * (c bar)^.5 The minimum value of Lower Control Limit can be 0. Hence, a negative value for the same is replaced by 0. The mean number of defectives, LCL and UCL are obtained as 6.033, 0 and 13.402 respectively. C-chart is plotted using the number of defectives and control limits. The same is shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 1: c-chart for Number of defectives From the chart, it can be observed that one data point lies above the UCL indicating that the process is not in control. However, since only 1 out of 30 points lies outside, it can be removed by outlier analysis. For the second data set, x bar and R charts are appropriate. For R chart, the ranges are calculated for each of the 30 samples. Mean range or R bar is then computed as an average of these ranges. The 3 sigma control limits for R chart are then established as: Lower Control Limit (LCL) = R bar * D3 Upper Control Limit (UCL) = R bar * D4 The R bar, LCL and UCL are obtained as .5533, .254 and .853 respectively (Table of Control Chart Constants). R chart is plotted using the ranges, mean range and the two control limits. The same is shown in F igure 2.2. Figure 2.2: R chart for height of doll From the chart it can be observed that a large number of data points lies outside the two control limits. This shows that the process is out of control. For x bar chart, the mean height for each sample is calculated and then mean of mean heights (x bar bar) is calculated. The 3 sigma control limits are the established as: Lower Control Limit (LCL) = x bar bar – R bar * A2 Upper Control Limit (UCL) = x bar bar + R bar * A2 The x bar bar, LCL and UCL

National Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

National Trust - Essay Example Even though a non-profit organization has no investors or return on investment to consider, it must weigh such factors as fundraising, volunteer staff and goodwill that a commercial firm does not (Greechie 2003). Since it only charges, membership fee, a fee to visit its sites and purchase of its products at special stores, this is hardly enough to pay for their places. This means that the more they have to rely on donations and collect the funds to pay off all these additional costs National Trust is unstable economy. During economic difficulties the organization may experience has problem with finance given by good people. When times get tough, people will spend less money for charity due to the high cost of living. unless there is a strong relationship between the established donors to the National Trust, solution to this problem may not be found. The fact that it is the non-profit organization makes it less competitive and any work vacancies can be avoided people. This can be solve by effective advertisement strategies National Trust is a strength on their part National Trust uses newspapers, magazines, billboards and Internet ads to reach a large audience. They have a good chance to take an interest in people who have never heard about organization. They achieved great success in advertising. It has employed; Above the line and Below-the-line promotion tactics. Above -the-line method involves the use of traditional methods of advertising such as newspapers and magazines. Below -the-line promotions must have deal with specifically chosen audience. Group receives letters by mail, news articles, press releases, promotions, exhibitions and sponsorship activities. It is a form of an integrated campaign aimed at sending messages to a clearly defined audience. Advantage above the line promotion is that it reaches a wider audience while below - line

Cosmetic retailing project Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cosmetic retailing project - Research Proposal Example Cosmetics in Japan have traditionally been sold through keiretsu stores that emphasized personalized, individual attention. In the mid-1990s, the rise of serufu-sabisu (self-service) products showed that customers were willing to sacrifice service for price. This led to a separation between high-end quality brands and the inexpensive utilitarian products. Shiseido once relied upon taimen hanbai (face-to-face, personal selling), as the core of its marketing strategy. The company believed consumers needed counseling before purchasing cosmetics. In June 1994, Shiseido made a radical shift, moving forty-one brands into the self-service category, followed by another sixty-five products in the fall. By 1995, about 42 percent of the companys products were sold through self service. Akira Tsuruma, managing director of Shiseido, estimates that half of the companys sales will come from the serufu category in the future (Shiseido Home Page 2008). The image of Shiseido is based on red colors which symbolizes a rising sun, and its national identity. Thus, the main colors of its project â€Å"Pureness† are white and blue (see Appendix 1). Shiseido spun off new brands such as Ipsa and Ayura. Sadao Abe, senior executive director of Shiseido, noted that they introduced these brands not only for their own sake but also for protecting the purity of the Shiseido brand umbrella. With a rapidly increasing elderly population, many Japanese ads feature seniors. For example, a Shiseido ad shows a gray-haired woman in a kimono. A series of ads for a skincare product were targeted toward women in their fifties, an audience that is typically ignored in cosmetics ads. The company has begun to sharpen its brand identity through the image of â€Å"successful aging.† It weeded out outliers from its line and launched new individual brands such as Ayura and Ipsa with different identities

Containing Acinetobacter Baumannii Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Containing Acinetobacter Baumannii - Case Study Example The pneumonia cases area further proof that indeed it was A.baumannii (Bruijn, 2011, p. 129). Among those most likely to get infected are those who recently had a surgical procedure, those with weak immune systems, those recently from an intensive care unit, and those with poor health. Someone who recently took antibiotics has a catheter or came into contact with another one harboring the bacteria also has a high chance of getting infected.   It is genetically transmitted from other organisms and found in pairs or in groups. It causes many life-threatening illnesses among them blood infection where it either enters through a catheter placed in one’s vein or when an infection spreads from another part of the body to the blood. It also causes meningitis especially after brain or spinal cord surgery; it could also occur if one has a drain or a shunt in their brain. Catheters used to drain urine put one at the risk of contracting A.baumannii and getting a urinary tract infection. Pneumonia is another disease caused by this particular bacteria strain (Bergogne-Bà ©rà ©zin and Fewson, 1991, p. 119).   Since A.baumannii is resistant to most first-line antibiotics among them Ciproflaxin, Gentamicin and Colistin and desiccation, containing an outbreak is usually a hard task for the health authorities. Besides requiring expensive drugs for its control, a lot of care needs to be taken to avoid further spread of the same (Schlossberg, 2008, p. 87). Research into its characteristics is also expensive, requiring a lot of equipment to isolate and test it. Since it also puts those inflicted by wounds at a higher level of infection, it is hard containing it in places with many injured people like wars. It also presents another hurdle in controlling it by causing diseases that have other causes (Bowden, Ljungman, and Snydman, 2010, p. 28).

Jonathan Swift and Piers Paul Read Essay Example for Free

Jonathan Swift and Piers Paul Read Essay Cannibalism is the last taboo. In Alive and A Modest Proposal Jonathan Swift and Piers Paul Read approach the subject with completely different purposes in mind. What do you consider to be the purpose of each author, and say how he achieves this? A Modest Proposal is a scathing attack on the economic oppression of the Irish by the English. During Swifts lifetime tremendous suffering was caused by English practices in Ireland. However, it is incorrect to say that cannibalism is the theme of A Modest Proposal. Swift was a Protestant writer in Ireland at the time of The Great Potato Famine. The article is a clever satirical device to draw attention to the plight of the poor. He infiltrates the opposition, the rich Protestant landlords, in order to put their torturous ideas to ridicule. Swift attacks his own Protestant, English community by creating a narrator who considers himself a reasonable and compassionate character, but one who combines a repulsive anti-Catholic bigotry, with a modest proposal, that is, rather, a final solution: he, the narrator, advocates cannibalism as a means of countering Irish Catholic poverty abortion, and the high birth rate. The narrator, in a frighteningly rational and level-headed tone condemns the English for being inhumane, the Irish for being passive, the speaker for being morally blind, and the reader for accepting intolerable situations in the world around him; for this piece was accepted and believed by many, at the time. On the other hand, Piers Paul Read, in his biographical novel Alive, rather than indirectly giving answers to a problem, asks questions. He tells of the experiences of the survivors of an Andean plane crash in 1976, who, in the remoteness, and the harshness of their environment, the lack of a consumable source of food, and the quickening exhaustion of their own limited amounts of chocolate and wine, have no where to turn except, in their desperation, to eat the meat from their fellow, dead, company. They have only their planes wreckage as shelter, which has come down from 14,000 feet. Both literary pieces, although their purpose, style and audience are different, jolt the reader out of their complacency, and encourage them to think of things they thought werent necessary to be thought about! However, it is necessary to understand that the two texts have been written hundreds of years apart, and society, of course, has evolved. Swift has reached out across the religious and ethnic divide to champion the ignorant, impoverished Irish Catholics. The bigotry of Swifts narrative is so convincing and grotesque, that Swift himself is sometimes mistaken as his narrator, an anti-Catholic bigot! On the contrary, Swifts essay harshly attacks the Christian commitment of Irelands wealthy Protestant absentee landowners, and his unflattering cannibal is made in their image. P. P. Read meanwhile, attacks not the opposition, but gives a balanced and meaningful account of the plane crash and the tales that followed, and examines the human spirit to stay alive, and questions what is civilized and human. Yet, simultaneously, Read, almost in the opposite of Swift, advocates cannibalism. Read turns the views of cannibalism as a taboo on its head. Rather than associating it with savagery and being primitive and irrational, he questions logic, and seems to state that the ban is the primitive thing, that is not based on reason. In one paragraph alone, he writes, we grappled with emotions, and we did not think it wrong twice. While Swift attacks the Landlords by linking their greed to their devouring of the Irish Catholics, and satirizes cannibalism to the extent that it is no longer seen as ironic, only distasteful, Read, using a character Canessa, reasons cannibalism out. He talks of nourishment and energy, and of course, eventually wins his company. Their decision is based on logic and reason, and the ability to use these makes us civilized. Although I do not feel that Swifts narrators views are plausible, Read using a variety of effective techniques, convinces the reader. Swift shows how the English projected their own blame onto their victims- destitute Irish Catholics, that, Swift suggests, have been cannibalized by the rapacious greed of absentee landlords. Swift is hoping to shame them into being more compassionate. However, as what happened when I read it for the first time, because Swift and his narrator are so tightly intertwined, readers often emerge from their reading, confused, perhaps unable to take in the implausibility of his case.

Elements Of Promotional Mix

Elements Of Promotional Mix The term mix implies that a companys promotion strategy is focused on more than one element, so the challenge is to integrate these different communication tools in an effective way. Following are different elements: Advertising: Any paid form of non-personal communication of ideas or products in the prim media, i.e. television, the press, posters, cinema, and radio. it possesses strengths and limitations , and should be combined with other promotional tools to form an integrated marketing communications campaign. Media vehicles: Television: Presence in room with set switched on at turn of clock minute to relevant channel, provided that presence in room with set on is for at least 15 consecutive seconds Press: Read or looked at any issue (for at least two minutes) within the publication period (for example, for weeklies, within the last seven days) Posters: traffic past site (including pedestrians) Cinema: Actual cinema admissions Key characteristics: Good for awareness building because it can reach a wide audience quickly. repetition means that a brand positioning concept can be communicated effectively Can be used to aid the sales effort, to legitimize a company and its products The top five advertisers in UK Procter and Gamble COI Communications (UK Govt) Unilever LOreal Golden BT Source: European Marketing Pocket Book2006, Henley-on-Thomas, World Advertising Research canter Ltd. Personal Selling: Personal Selling occurs when the company representative interacts directly with a consumer or prospective consumer to communicate about the good or service. This form of promotion is a far more intimate way to talk to the market. Many organisations relay heavy on personal selling because at times the personal touch can carry more weight than mass media material. In a business-to-business market situations such as at sash UK participating in international trade shows provides an example for sales people at sash o demonstrate their goods, provide a personal touch, and begin to develop crucial relationships with clients. Also, many industrial products and services are too complex or expensive to market effectively in impersonal ways (such as through mass advertising) Another advantage of personal selling is that salespeople are firms eyes and ears in the market place. They learn which competitors are talking to customers, what is being offered, what new rival products are on the way and all sorts of competitors intelligence. Salespeople perform a vital role in the success of firms consumer relationship management system- providing a source of timely and accurate informational input about customers and market. Personal selling has much importance for students because many graduate jobs with marketing background will enter professional sales jobs. The old business adage nothing happens until something is sold translates into many firms placing quite a bit of emphasis on personal selling. Key characteristics: Interactive questions can be answered and objectives overcome Adaptable: presentations can be changed depending upon consumer needs Complex arguments can be developed Relationships can be built because of its personal nature Direct Marketing: Direct Marketing refers to any direct communication to a customer or business recipient that is designed to generate response in the form of an order, and/or a visit to a shop or other place of business for purchase of product. Direct marketing covers a wide array of methods including: Direct mail: Direct mail is sent through the postal service to the recipients house or business address with the purpose of promoting the product and or maintaining ongoing relationships. Direct mail at its best allows close targeting of individuals in a way not possible using mass advertising media. For example, Heinz employs direct mail to target its customers and prospects. Telemarketing: Telemarketing is a marketing communication system where trained specialists use telecommunications and information technologies to conduct marketing and sales activities. For example callers by using their credit cards may book theatre tickets or sports tickets or purchase products online. Catalogue Marketing: Catalogue marketing is the sale of products through catalogues distributed to agents and customers, usually by mail or at stores if the catalogue marketer is the store owner. Catalogue marketing is popular in Europe, with such organisations as Otto Versand and Quelle Schikedanz (Germany), GUS and Next Directory (UK). Key characteristics: Individual targeting of customers most likely to respond to an appeal Communication can be personalized Short term effectiveness can be easily measured A continuous relationship through periodic contact can be built Activities are less visible to competitors Internet promotion: The web gives the marketers to reach customers in a new and exciting way. The promotion of product pr s to consumers and business through electronic media. Online advertising has grown in European Union to â‚ ¬6.8 billion in 2007, having substantially increasing in later years. Specific forms of internet advertising include banners, buttons; pop up ads, search engines and directories and e-mails. Banners: These rectangular graphics at the top or bottom of web pages were the first form of web advertising. Although the effectiveness of banners remains in question (banners now receive less than one percent click -through rate), they still remain most popular form of web-advertising. Buttons: These are small banner type advertisements that a company can place anywhere on a page. Early in the life of the internet, buttons encouraging suffers to Download Netscape Now became a standard on many websites were responsible for much of Netscape early success. Search Engine and Directory Listings: Just as the yellow pages and other directories of advertising media, so too are search engines and other online directory listings. Increasingly, firms are paying search engines for more visible or higher placement on result lists. Pop up Ads: A pop up ad is an advertisement that appears on a screen while a web page is being loaded or after it is loaded. Because the pop up ad will take the centre of the screen while surfers are waiting ti desired page to load, they are difficult to ignore. Because surfers find pop ups nuisance, most internet access software provides an option that blocks all the pop ups. A pop up ad opens in separate browser window. Web advertisers are typically charged only if people actually click through to the ad. E- mail: For advertising, E-mail is becoming as persuasive as radio and television. It is one of the easiest way of communication with customers because marketers can send unsolicited e-mail advertising messages to thousands of users y spamming- sending unsolicited e-mail to five or more people not personally known to sender. Key characteristics: Global reach at the relatively low cost The number of site visits can be measured A dialogue between companies and their consumers and suppliers can be established Convenient form of searching and buying products. Direct sales possible Sales Promotion: Sales Promotion as marketing activities usually specific to a time period, place, or customer group which encourage a direct response from consumers or marketing intermediaries, through the offer of additional benefits. Media and non media communication are employed for a predetermined to increase consumer demand and improve product availability. Types of sales promotions: Non-Standard: Promotions are usually temporary, and may be limited to certain customer groups (such as airline frequent flyer schemes) or specific to a particular distribution channel (as in tailor-made promotions involving a producer and a single retailer. Response Oriented: Promotions seek a direct response from customers, or those who deal with customers on the producers behalf. The direct response sought is not necessarily for a sale. Promotions may encourage customers to send for a brochure, visit a dealer or consume a sample. The ultimate aim is always sales, but this is true of all marketing activity. Benefit Oriented: Promotions offer their targets, additional benefits, beyond the standard marketing mix. The enhanced nix could include extra product, a reduced price or an added item, service or opportunity. Key characteristics: incentives provide quick boost to sales Effects may be only short term Product trial often twinned with a competition Gift Coupons helps to encourage repeat purchases Suitable if push strategy is used Suitable if the product is Expensive Public Relations: Public Relations are the communication function that seeks to build good relationships with an organisations public. These include consumers, stockholders, legislators and other shareholders in the organization. Today marketers use public relations activities to influence the attitudes and perceptions of various groups not only towards companies and brands but also towards politicians, celebrities, and -not-for profit organisations. Public Relation is crucial to an organisations ability to establish and maintain a favourable image. The communication of a product or business by placing information about it in the media without paying for the time or space directly. For example, marketers create and manage publicity; unpaid communication about an organisation that gets media exposure. This strategy helps to create awareness about a product or event, as when a local newspaper reporting on an forthcoming concert feature, an interview with the bands lead guitarist around the time that the tickets go on sale. Some of the Public Relations channels are Newspapers and magazines articles/reports, charitable contributions, press releases, seminars etc. High credible as message comes from a third party Higher readerships than advertisements in trade and technical publications PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY DECISIONS Practising managers faced by a mix of five tactical choices Target: Prudent marketing managers will make sure that their choices are indeed based on carefully considered target audience analysis, drawing as appropriative on the advice of the professional consultancies that have proliferated in all the subdisciples over the last decade. Message: A less obvious tactical consideration is the nature of the promotional message. A simple, brash statement might lend itself to poster advertising, perhaps, while a complex persuasive argument could be accomplished by highly personalised and carefully targeted direct mail shot. Cost: The cost of available promotional option is clearly a key criterion of choice. The facts are easily accessible in practice but no complex and susceptible to change overtime that it would be rash to attempt even a summary here. Measurement: equally clearly prudent managers will be concerned with the scope for the measurement of effectiveness. Ex: Advertising through there is ample scope for debate as to their real worth among experts. Control: The final key factor in deployment describes is the degree of control, the user can exert over the outcome of the initiative. INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is the process that marketers used to plan, develop, execute and evaluate coordinated, measurable, persuasive brand communication programmes over time about the organisation and its products to targeted audiences. The objective is to position products and organizations clearly and distinctively in the market place. Integrated marketing communications facilitates the process by which this is achieved by sending out consistent messages through all the components of the promotional mix, so that they reinforce one another. As the array of communication media expands there is greater need to coordinate the messages and their execution. This has led to the adoption of integrated marketing communications; by an increasing number of companies. For Example, it means that we site visuals are consistent with the images portrayed in advertising and that the messages conveyed in a directing campaign are in the with those developed by the public relations d epartment. DEVELOPING INTEGRATED MARKETING PLAN Step 1: Identify Target Audiences Step 2: Establish Communication objectives Step 3: Determine and Allocate the marketing communication budget Step 1: To determine who the target market is. Here good customer database is most important. By maintaining the customer database marketers know who their target market as well as the buying behaviour of different segment within the total market. Step 2: To establish communication objectives. The whole point of communicating with customers and prospective customers is to let them know that the organisation has a product to meet their needs in a timely and affordable way. Step 3: Determine and Allocate the marketing communications budget seems to be easy in reality its not that simple. It includes three steps: Determining and allocate the marketing: Most firms rely on two budgeting Techniques top down and bottom up. Top down budgeting techniques: requires top management to establish the overall amount that the organisation allocates for the promotional activities and this amount is then divided among advertisements, public relations and other promotional departments. Most commonly used method of techniques are: Percentage of sales Competitive parity Bottom Up: At the beginning identify promotional goals and allocate enough money to promote them. Most commonly used method: Objective task Deciding the strategy Push Strategy: Push Strategy means that the company wants to move its products by convincing members of the distribution channel such as wholesalers, agents or retailers to offer them and entice their customers to select these items. Ex: Personal selling, Trade advertisements and sales promotions. Pull Strategy: Pull strategy is counting on consumers wanting its products and so convincing retailers to respond to this demand by stocking them. In this case, efforts will focus on media advertising and consumer sales promotion to stimulate interest among end consumers who will pull the product onto shop shelves then onto their shopping baskets. Ex: Procter and Gamble reduced consumer sales promotion spending in the early 19900s when adopting its value pricing strategy. Designing the Promotional mix budget Factors affecting the IMC budget: Organisational Focus Market Potential Market size Step 4: It includes determining the specific communication tools that will be used, what message is to be communicated. Planners must ask how elements of promotional mix can be used most effectively to communicate with different target audiences. The message should focus on Get attention Hold Interest create desire Product action Step 5: The final step in marketing communications is to decide whether the plan is working. The marketer needs to determine whether the communication objectives are adequately translated into marketing communications that are reaching the right target audiences. PERSONAL APPEALS The most immediate way for a marketer to make contact with customer is simply to tell them how wonderful the product is. This part of the personal selling element of the promotional mix we mentioned previously. It is the direct interaction between the company representative and consumer that occur in personal or by phone or even over interactive computer link. Personal appeals can be tremendously effect, especially for expensive and complicated consumer items such as computers or cars and for industrial products where human touch is essential. MASS APPEALS The other pieces of the promotional mix are those messages which are intended to reach many perspective consumers at the same time which are impersonal and the lack of human touch. Examples of mass appeals advertising, Sales promotion and public relations. BUZZ APPEALS Many marketers are starting to figure out that they must find alternatives to traditional advertising. Especially young consumers are very cynical about the efforts of big corporations to buy their allegiance. Types of Buzz Appeals: Word of Mouth: Giving people a reason to talk about your products and services and making it easier for that conversation to take place. Ex: Burger king and Nike Buzz Marketing: Using high- profile entertainment or news to get people to talk about your brand. Ex; Puma, Procter and Gamble. Viral Marketing: Creating entertaining or informative messages that are designed to be passed along in an exponential fashion, often electronically or by e-mail. Ex: Microsoft and Nestle. Guerrilla Marketing: The concept of Guerrilla marketing was invented as an unconventional system of promotions that relies on time, energy and imagination rather than a big marketing budget. The objective of Guerrilla marketing is to create a unique, engaging and thought provoking concept to generate buzz, and consequently turn viral. It is specifically geared for small business and entrepreneurs. CONCLUSION One golden rule of promotions management is that over use of any technique will blunt its effectives. Innovation and creativity are key success factors, and recent advances in packaging and information technology have provided many exciting new ways to offer customers extra benefits. The implications for marketing management of the boom in promotions are becoming increasingly clear. In todays competitive market place the professional management of promotion has become a matter of life and death for an ever growing number of brands. INTRODUCTION Promotion is one of the four elements of marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion). It is the communication link between the buyers and sellers for the purpose of informing, influencing, or persuading a potential buyers purchasing decision. Types of promotion Above the line promotion: Promotion in the media. For example (television, radio, newspapers, internet) Below the line promotion: All the other promotion, much of this is intended to be suitable enough for the consumer to be unaware that promotion is taking place. For example (direct mail, sponsorship, public relations) The specification of these elements creates a promotional mix. These elements are advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relations. A promotional mix has wide range of objectives i.e. new product acceptance, sales to be increased, positioning, creation of brand equity and creation of corporate image.

Pragmatism American Philosophy

Pragmatism American Philosophy Bree Dela Rosa   William James presents pragmatism as a concept that can be applied when settling two claims that provide contrasting views. Science, religion, and morality each present diverse view on different issues, and James suggests that pragmatism can be used to settle these views. For James, the concept is significant as it offers people with a form of overcoming dilemma when faced with different perspectives from science, morality, and religion and other fields. Indeed, through the application of pragmatism, one realizes that the three areas that present divergent views are not in any competition. Further, for James, pragmatism is a method of settling metaphysical disputes that might otherwise be interminable (James, 94) he believes that the truth has no correspondence with knowledge and we should come to an agreement and act on the truth to make it true. An analysis of the lecture reveals the pragmatic method which is advanced by James, but at the same time raises objections which can be ad dressed by Jamess arguments. James begins his analysis by presenting the pragmatic method and how it can help in solving metaphysical disputes. In this instance, James gives the example of the arguments surrounding the question of whether the world is one or many. Indeed, religious and scientific arguments have been advanced to explain whether the earth is one or many. James argues that there is no practical difference in the viewpoints hence the notions are unending (James, 94) meaning that the application of the concept pragmatic method in such a case is to deduce the respective consequences of each argument, for example from science and religion. If pragmatism demonstrates that there is no practical difference between the arguments, then they are principally the same (James, 94).   This example brings out Jamess primary thesis that the pragmatic method can be used to resolve the disputes that arise from different schools of thought. If both parties in the argument do not present a considerable differen ce that would make their argument correct since the disagreement is idle (James, 94), therefore, the distinction makes no sense or has no meaning. For example, in the argument in the number of worlds, science may make a claim that there are some worlds while religion maintains that there is the only one which implies that there is no practical difference in both arguments. James and other scholars advanced the pragmatist theory of truth. In his lecture, James argues that truth is the property of our beliefs. These ideas, which themselves are but parts of our experience become true just in so far as they help us get into satisfactory relations with other parts our experience (James, 100). In this instance, James argues that one must be satisfied with the experiences that they have with the belief so that they can deem it to be true. For example, James gives a case of a squirrel and a man going around a tree with the latter apparently hiding from the man. However, he reminds his friends that it depends on what they mean by going around to get which party is right. The example that he gives to present this theory is how geologists, biologists, and philologists presented their ideas based on events. However, I contemplate that some of the claims that James makes about truth can be criticized. For example, I disagree with James that truth can only happen when the consequences are good as well as work in each way. Additionally, James argues that truth only happens to ideas that are based on previous events. For instance, if a new medication is given during a clinical trial and it works, Jamess pragmatism would not be applicable since it is not based on any past event. Nevertheless, James can address this criticism by referring to his views presented in the lecture. Notably, the theory of truth can provide him with a foundation for arguing against such an argument (James, 100). James can argue that his view of reality is based on an analysis of previous events and observations by other philosophers hence my argument does not hold like in the case of biologists and geologists (James, 100). Moreover, James argues that the claims must be based on events while my claim is not necessarily based on any. For example, the concept that I would come up with can be criticized by James as something that is not based on any past or new events hence cannot be true (James, 100). His argument builds on the occurrence of past events while my concept does not. The idea that I came up with does not fulfill any aspects of the theory of truth presented by James. Hence it could be wrong. Conclusively, William Jamess pragmatism is a concept that can be used to resolve different viewpoints. With the fields of science, religion, and morality presenting divergent views on various aspects with each proponent arguing that theirs is true, pragmatism can help in resolving such disputes. Indeed, James provides an analysis of various examples such as the number of worlds and the squirrel and man to demonstrate his pragmatist method and the theory of truth. In general, it is up to an individual to decide on whether they agree or disagree with Jamess pragmatism.

Tragic Flaws in Oedipus the King Essay example -- Oedipus the King Ess

Oedipus the King, Sophocles’ classical Greek tragedy, presents tragic flaw(s) as the cause of   the near-total destruction of the life of the protagonist. This essay examines that flaw. In his essay â€Å"Sophoclean Tragedy† Friedrich Nietzsche agrees that there is an â€Å"error† within the protagonist, but refrains from specifying exactly what it is: The most pathetic figure of the Greek theatre, the unfortunate Oedipus, Sophocles takes to be a noble man called to error and alienation in spite of his wisdom, yet called too, in the end, through monstrous suffering, to radiate a magic power rich in a blessing which works even after he passes on. . . . these very actions attract a higher, magical circle of influences which ground a new world upon the rubble of the old (16-17). Not all critics believe that there was â€Å"error† within the protagonist. Some critics, like Herbert J. Muller in his essay â€Å"How Sophocles Viewed and Portrayed the Gods,† believe that Oedipus had no tragic flaw, that he was an innocent victim of the gods: Nor is there in Oedipus the King the deep sense of outrage that modern readers may feel. None of the characters, including the chorus, complains that Thebans are suffering for no fault of their own, in this plague sent by the gods; they simply assume that Thebes must be properly purified of its defilement. Although technically innocent, Oedipus accepts his â€Å"guilt†. . . .(56) This reader, however, disagrees with the above critic, and agrees with Aristotle’s analysis. In his essay â€Å"On Misunderstanding the Oedipus the King,† E. R. Dodds takes the reader back to Aristotle in his consideration of this question of the flaw: I shall take Aristotle as my starting point. . . . From the thirteenth chapter of... ...clean Tragedy.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Nietzsche, Friedrich. â€Å"Sophoclean Tragedy.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

Religion Causes War Essay -- Argumentative, Persuasive Essays

Religion has played a major role in the lives of most cultures whether it is Christian, Islamic, Judaism, or another religious faith, but has it been the leading cause of war throughout history? God refers to sin as being the force that drives the world it provokes conduct involving one’s flesh and mind. Richard Dawkins an evolutionist, and agnostic, states that â€Å"religion causes wars by generating certainty† (Thacker). When he implies certainty in his quote, does he mean that this is a fact he is certain of, or can he provide proper evidence? War and conflict is a characteristic nature of man it was around before religion ever existed and many other factors are the cause of war such as, ethnicity, culture, ideologues, race, class, gender, power, greed, selfishness, revenge, genocide, immigration, government decisions, and SIN these are just a few. Bible scriptures say, â€Å"war is the cause of sin in the world not god† (King James Version, Matt. 15.19). T herefore, the aim is to prove that religion is more of an excuse for war. Then refute that selfishness, greed, and sin caused by human-violence are the primary causes of war. In any culture, war has always been a factor whether it is due to religion, communism, nationalism, militarism, or just down right greed. It is a way for one to have control over something that does not belong to them. Recently there has been an argument circulating around anti-religious beliefs that â€Å"religion has been the cause of more wars and conflicts than any other factor† (Pimentel). This theory is obviously inaccurate and shows no relevance of any proper research done. Religion is based on one’s faith. Faith can be warped into fanaticism, which is bad no matter what form it comes in. It can motivate a ... ...e Christian Science Board of Directors, 1910. 426. Print. Edwards, Will. "Does Religion Cause War?" Weblog post. Personal Development Resources. The Inspiration Blog, 24 Jan. 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. . "Is Religion the Cause of Most Wars?" Bible Questions Answered. Got Questions Ministries, 2002-2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. . Pimentel, Rick. "Is Religion to Blame? Part 2." Philosophy News. Philosophy News, 20 Feb. 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. . Thacker, Justin. Does religion cause war? UCCF: The Christian Unions, Registered Charity number 306137, 9 January 2009. Web. 15 April 2012. The Holy Bible, King James Version. Black Heritage ed. Nashville: Today, 1976. Print.

Kone Case

GONE managers, however, weren't quite sure how they would take Moonscape to market. GONE managers had to decide what segment of the market they were going to target, how they were going to penetrate this segment, and how they could quantify the overall economic value of their product to their potential customers. Recommendations The marketing strategy that we chose for GONE Fugue was to advertise their product at trade shows, sales visits, and exhibitions such as Constructor. We also chose to install fully functional Moonscape elevators in all regional offices throughoutGermany in order to demonstrate the potential benefits of this revolutionary new product first hand to our customers. Moonscape elevators will come with a price guarantee between initial quotes to final delivery. This will alleviate any financial anxiety that our customers might have about dealing with a single supplier. Furthermore, we recommend that GONE set the price of the new Moonscape elevator at DMS 85,000 and increase their sales force, especially in regards to introducing new products, in order to compete with their competitors.Analysis GONE Moonscape is a revolutionary machine-room-less elevator that yields significant advantages over other designs. The gain of additional usable space for revenue-generating purposes and the greater architectural freedom In the design and construction of new buildings are some of the many reasons why GONE Moonscape is a truly innovative product that will help increase revenues of potential clients. There are many savings that potential clients will see when operating a GONE Moonscape elevator in addition to using new freed up space for revenue generating purposes.Those Savings include saved energy costs of G 1,540 per year vs.. Hydraulic elevators and G 740 per year vs.. Eared traction elevators. There Is no machine needed to operate the elevator which accounts for another savings of G 7,500. Finally, it is estimated that the savings for a construction company is upwards of 5% of construction costs when using a GONE Moonscape elevator as compared to any other hydraulic or geared traction elevator. Please see attached Excel Spreadsheet for savings comparisons. In addition to the quantitative savings factors, there are also qualitative benefits that Moonscape elevators provide.These qualitative benefits Include the reduced risk of a fire hazard when compared to unforgettable to ride in with shorter average ride times and are more aesthetically appealing. These improvements will be very popular among future riders. The perceived disadvantages that potential customers may have to the GONE Moonscape elevator are the higher initial investment and the size of the Ecocide required machine room for greater than 16 floors. However, the higher initial investment costs are almost immediately recovered in the cost savings from the machine room of G 7,500, as well as the energy savings of G 1 ,540 per year vs.. Hydraulic elevators and G 740 per year vs.. Geared traction elevators. Our target market segment includes those customers who are less than 16 stories in height, which would eliminate the latter concern. Customer, Company, ; Competition GONE was established in 1910, and headquartered out of Finland. Its core business was focused on the sale and maintenance of electrical motors. Over the years GONE expanded its core business to include steel equipment manufacturing, maritime equipment sales, and elevator manufacturing and services, among many others.GONE is currently the world's third largest elevator company behind rivals Otis and Schneider. GONE Fugue A. G. Which operated in Germany and was the most important market in mainland Europe. It manufactures and sells low-rise passenger elevators, medium-rise elevator systems, and high-rise elevator systems. Low-rise elevators accounted for approximately 75% of Cone's equipment sales, while mid- rise and high-rise elevators accounted for 15% and 10% of sales, respectivel y (Case). CONE'S elevator business was organized into two distinct divisions: New Equipment, called VI; and Services, called IV.According to case statistics, the New Equipment Division accounted for 38% of revenue, while the Service Division accounted for 62% f revenue. Over 90% of CONE'S sales are outside of Finland with 53% in the European Union, 29% in North America, 10% in Asia, and 4% in Australia (Case). CONE'S new revolutionary Moonscape elevator is a machine-room-less elevator that will yield significant additional usable space for its customers and allow greater architectural freedom in the design and construction of new buildings.Moonscape is being targeted at low rise buildings in Germany, which constitute 74% of real estate in Germany. Currently, this segment is served by 60% hydraulic, 40% geared traction elevators. We will target the geared traction segment, albeit with a price slightly higher than current price levels. We make this decision based on the fact that the elevator market is not as cost sensitive as it is quality and utility sensitive based on the fact that over 66% of the geared market went for the more expensive option.Product, Price, Place, & Promotion Moonscape elevators are a revolutionary product which take induction motors to a new level and offer the chance to architects to get rid of the clumsy and inconvenient machine rooms which so often spoil the perspective of the building or hampers basement and foundation design. It offers developers the chance to save the significant costs related to building these machine rooms. It was attractive owners of projects in that they would be substantially cheaper and safer to operate.GONE Fugues branch managers have often commented that the sales force of their competitors in Germany often outnumbered those of GONE by one to five. We believe force should be drastically increased to be at par with the competition in order to maximize exposure and to launch this brand new product. Demo insta llations at our regional headquarters throughout Germany will also convince those careful buyers ho wouldn't want their project to be the ‘Guiana pigs' for this new technology. Moonscape has typically found that going to Constructor and other trade shows is not as lucrative.However, because we are launching a completely revolutionary new product, it is essential that the contractors and architects (who together make up 90% of the elevator decision makers) are exposed to this new product. So while we will continue to invest in trade press and Journal advertising, we will have to make the investment to attend expensive trade shows for maximum impact. While the cost, ease and speed of construction will be emphasized to the contractors, the selling point to the Architects would be the aesthetic value that the absence of a machine room can bring to the skyline.According to the company's policy for markets with less than 15% market share, we have decided to price Moonscape slightly above current price levels, I. E. , at DMS 85,000. Most elevator models across brands have been making an average loss of 5% on initial elevator sales. For the first time, Cone's Moonscape would be profitable in the initial sale as well. Conclusion GONE Moonscape is a revolutionary product with a great potential to bump up avenues for Gone and to regain lost market share even in an economy where construction activity was slow.GONE has the technology to vastly and dramatically differentiate its products from anything else in the market and be not only qualitatively better, but much more cost effective. With this marketing strategy, we believe GONE has the potential to make the most of Moonscape as a lucrative new product. We believe that with a marketing strategy along the lines of the recommendations made above, Moonscape can be a very lucrative new elevator product and can reap large benefits for GONE in the German market. Kone Case GONE managers, however, weren't quite sure how they would take Moonscape to market. GONE managers had to decide what segment of the market they were going to target, how they were going to penetrate this segment, and how they could quantify the overall economic value of their product to their potential customers. Recommendations The marketing strategy that we chose for GONE Fugue was to advertise their product at trade shows, sales visits, and exhibitions such as Constructor. We also chose to install fully functional Moonscape elevators in all regional offices throughoutGermany in order to demonstrate the potential benefits of this revolutionary new product first hand to our customers. Moonscape elevators will come with a price guarantee between initial quotes to final delivery. This will alleviate any financial anxiety that our customers might have about dealing with a single supplier. Furthermore, we recommend that GONE set the price of the new Moonscape elevator at DMS 85,000 and increase their sales force, especially in regards to introducing new products, in order to compete with their competitors.Analysis GONE Moonscape is a revolutionary machine-room-less elevator that yields significant advantages over other designs. The gain of additional usable space for revenue-generating purposes and the greater architectural freedom In the design and construction of new buildings are some of the many reasons why GONE Moonscape is a truly innovative product that will help increase revenues of potential clients. There are many savings that potential clients will see when operating a GONE Moonscape elevator in addition to using new freed up space for revenue generating purposes.Those Savings include saved energy costs of G 1,540 per year vs.. Hydraulic elevators and G 740 per year vs.. Eared traction elevators. There Is no machine needed to operate the elevator which accounts for another savings of G 7,500. Finally, it is estimated that the savings for a construction company is upwards of 5% of construction costs when using a GONE Moonscape elevator as compared to any other hydraulic or geared traction elevator. Please see attached Excel Spreadsheet for savings comparisons. In addition to the quantitative savings factors, there are also qualitative benefits that Moonscape elevators provide.These qualitative benefits Include the reduced risk of a fire hazard when compared to unforgettable to ride in with shorter average ride times and are more aesthetically appealing. These improvements will be very popular among future riders. The perceived disadvantages that potential customers may have to the GONE Moonscape elevator are the higher initial investment and the size of the Ecocide required machine room for greater than 16 floors. However, the higher initial investment costs are almost immediately recovered in the cost savings from the machine room of G 7,500, as well as the energy savings of G 1 ,540 per year vs.. Hydraulic elevators and G 740 per year vs.. Geared traction elevators. Our target market segment includes those customers who are less than 16 stories in height, which would eliminate the latter concern. Customer, Company, ; Competition GONE was established in 1910, and headquartered out of Finland. Its core business was focused on the sale and maintenance of electrical motors. Over the years GONE expanded its core business to include steel equipment manufacturing, maritime equipment sales, and elevator manufacturing and services, among many others.GONE is currently the world's third largest elevator company behind rivals Otis and Schneider. GONE Fugue A. G. Which operated in Germany and was the most important market in mainland Europe. It manufactures and sells low-rise passenger elevators, medium-rise elevator systems, and high-rise elevator systems. Low-rise elevators accounted for approximately 75% of Cone's equipment sales, while mid- rise and high-rise elevators accounted for 15% and 10% of sales, respectivel y (Case). CONE'S elevator business was organized into two distinct divisions: New Equipment, called VI; and Services, called IV.According to case statistics, the New Equipment Division accounted for 38% of revenue, while the Service Division accounted for 62% f revenue. Over 90% of CONE'S sales are outside of Finland with 53% in the European Union, 29% in North America, 10% in Asia, and 4% in Australia (Case). CONE'S new revolutionary Moonscape elevator is a machine-room-less elevator that will yield significant additional usable space for its customers and allow greater architectural freedom in the design and construction of new buildings.Moonscape is being targeted at low rise buildings in Germany, which constitute 74% of real estate in Germany. Currently, this segment is served by 60% hydraulic, 40% geared traction elevators. We will target the geared traction segment, albeit with a price slightly higher than current price levels. We make this decision based on the fact that the elevator market is not as cost sensitive as it is quality and utility sensitive based on the fact that over 66% of the geared market went for the more expensive option.Product, Price, Place, & Promotion Moonscape elevators are a revolutionary product which take induction motors to a new level and offer the chance to architects to get rid of the clumsy and inconvenient machine rooms which so often spoil the perspective of the building or hampers basement and foundation design. It offers developers the chance to save the significant costs related to building these machine rooms. It was attractive owners of projects in that they would be substantially cheaper and safer to operate.GONE Fugues branch managers have often commented that the sales force of their competitors in Germany often outnumbered those of GONE by one to five. We believe force should be drastically increased to be at par with the competition in order to maximize exposure and to launch this brand new product. Demo insta llations at our regional headquarters throughout Germany will also convince those careful buyers ho wouldn't want their project to be the ‘Guiana pigs' for this new technology. Moonscape has typically found that going to Constructor and other trade shows is not as lucrative.However, because we are launching a completely revolutionary new product, it is essential that the contractors and architects (who together make up 90% of the elevator decision makers) are exposed to this new product. So while we will continue to invest in trade press and Journal advertising, we will have to make the investment to attend expensive trade shows for maximum impact. While the cost, ease and speed of construction will be emphasized to the contractors, the selling point to the Architects would be the aesthetic value that the absence of a machine room can bring to the skyline.According to the company's policy for markets with less than 15% market share, we have decided to price Moonscape slightly above current price levels, I. E. , at DMS 85,000. Most elevator models across brands have been making an average loss of 5% on initial elevator sales. For the first time, Cone's Moonscape would be profitable in the initial sale as well. Conclusion GONE Moonscape is a revolutionary product with a great potential to bump up avenues for Gone and to regain lost market share even in an economy where construction activity was slow.GONE has the technology to vastly and dramatically differentiate its products from anything else in the market and be not only qualitatively better, but much more cost effective. With this marketing strategy, we believe GONE has the potential to make the most of Moonscape as a lucrative new product. We believe that with a marketing strategy along the lines of the recommendations made above, Moonscape can be a very lucrative new elevator product and can reap large benefits for GONE in the German market.