Intelligence Agencies and Just War on Terrorism Essay Example for Free

lore Agencies and Just War on Terrorism Essaythe States and its allies face world that has become much and more than dangerous with its weapons of mass destruction and umbrageous world of terrorists more than willing to use them. The wisdom of the past does not squander the prescience or universal insight to deal with this new threat. America and its allies must change direction if they manage to respond to the challenge in an effective manner, steady if it means employing policies that seemed dubious in the past. The state is called to comfort its citizens in Machiavellian world, filled with depravity and compromise. The church is called to submit to the superior wisdom of those who have the superfluous news program information, experience and expertise to handle the current crisis. Our forefathers came from Europe to settle in wilderness that was not unendingly hospitable. Death was imminent, and survival was top almost on all their dispositions. The settlement in Jamestown, after the death of Powhatan, suffered an unprovoked attack at the hands of the Native Americans in 1622, in which some 375 settlers were massacred.The immediate response was to rat perfidious treaty with the natives and then starve them by burning their crops late that summer. It was matter of survival. It was either us or them. (Amit 2003 127) The same policy was followed by the Puritans of Massachusetts when the Pequot Indians, most contend-like people, placeed an imminent threat in the mind of these settlers. Rather than wait around to die, they proceeded to attack them first, killing in one horrific conflagration of Pequot fort some 4oo men, women and children.The exact motives behind the massacre remain unclear, but no doubt survival was uppermost in their minds. Today the situation that confronts the American people is not so different. It is similar to that of their ancestors in numerous ways and direr in regard to the number of lives at stake. one ca n debate whether the times have waxed worse and worse, but it is beyond question that the times have proved more and more critical with their weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and the ever-increasing number of potential users.The nation of Israel felt this threat in 1981 when it conducted pre-emptive strike against an Iraqi nuclear reactor. The United States roundly condemned the action at the time, but with the threat immediately facing them from this and other rogue nations new policy has emerged. The nefarious intentions of the Iraqi regime are evident to most observers. It appears as if this regime plans to continue the production of WMD and deliver these weapons themselves or distribute them with the shadowy world of terrorist nets to designated targets in this clandestine manner.The signs of the times are all around us. Iraq already has break over fifty UN resolutions to date. The UN inspectors revealed that Saddam was vigorously working on stockpile of WMDchemical, bi ological and nuclear, and by the mid-9os he began to deny them access to his supply. He already has used these weapons against his own people and waves of foot soldiers in his war with Iran. He has pledged on number of occasions to bring destruction upon the United States, and even planned the assassination of its former president, George Bush.He has subsidized and continues to support terrorist groups throughout the region, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad harmonize to seized Palestinian documents. His relation to terrorism is matter of grave concern. (Rahul 2002 37-44) It provides special channel to deliver and promote his unsavoury designs, Bin Laden has called it religious duty for his minions to obtain and use WMD against the infidels, but he knows that his terrorist network needs help.It is only in the movies that Dr No is able to create the facilities to manufacture and deliver WMD. In the palpable world of terrorism, the capacity to make and utilize these weapons requ ires the help of government. Aum Shinrikyo, Japanese cult, tried to kill thousands of commuters with potent substance agent but managed to kill only dozen after spending somewhere around xxx million dollars. The loss of these lives was tragic but much less than expected and displayed the complexity of operations using these agents.The cult was not able to cook the chemical (sarin) in sufficient purity and resorted to using most primitive delivery systemcarrying it on train and piercing bags of it with tips of umbrellas. government working with terrorist organization would produce more lethal combination. 3 In light of this threat, it appears as if the only long-term solution is to deplete the regime in Baghdad. Some would argue that there is no need to rush into war. But one wonders how realistic this option is in view of the track record of the regime. Is it realistic to believe that Iraq would comply with inspectors?It did not the first time around, not in toto, woul d the UN impose the necessary sanctions and penalties if it did not? Or would it ignore accredited closed doors and cave in as it did before to Iraqi demands? And even if unmolested, would the inspectors catch the regime in its lies, knowing that it is likely to play shell game and was given four years to hide its weapons? (Bruce 2003 44) Donnes fatalist maxim succinctly defines the essential context of use that modern erudition services function within, and the variables determining their comparative fortunes.Their experiences suggest that they are very human institutions largely shaped by the vagaries of circumstances beyond their control, not to mention misfortune and luck. As refined information used by the state to further topic goals and policies, intelligence is directed, collected, analyzed and disseminated (the intelligence cycle) within the milieu of international politics. Intelligence work must hence function within the anarchical society of Great Powers. 1 Equal ly significant is the extent to which intelligence functionaries serve at the mercy of their policy masters.The intelligence officers themselves, in their various professional incarnations, are the grand men in this formulation, striving as they do to carry out their risky and/or snarly duties in the face of inertia and outright opposition on the part of rivals, enemies, and occasionally their own countrymen. It is unbelievable that any intelligence service in history has ever completely escaped subjugation to such(prenominal)(prenominal) restrictive bondage. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the war on al Qaeda should be give broad-front attack.It is already that in practice, but the rationale for sustaining this approach is less established and troubles are certain because such strategy requires relating the efforts of multiple agencies, subagencies, and even nations, and it sometimes necessitates rapid action. This would seem to require two enhancements of capability wh ich whitethorn at first seem contradictory, but they are complementary and equally important. (Paul 2002 31) These facts hold particularly real for the office of Strategic Services mission in London, Americas critical liaison and operational intelligence outstation during the Second World War.Expanding to peak of 2,800 personnel in 1944, OSS/London was originally established in October 1941 with the reach of single representative, followed by staff nucleus the day after Americas entry into the war. Eventually consisting of contingents from the four study OSS branches-Research and Analysis, Secret Intelligence, Special operations, and X-2 (counter-intelligence)-the mission served as focal point for Anglo-American intelligence relations in the determining(prenominal) theatre in the war against Germany.The London mission was at the heart of OSS relations with British intelligence, and as such it personified the essence of that connection in the Allied war effort. The Allied in vasion of Europe ensured that OSS/London, more than any other OSS outpost, would have the greatest opportunity to perform decisive role in the intelligence war. Other OSS missions would also make important contributions, notably in Cairo, Algiers and Italy but these were ultimately turnary theatres, musical composition in the Pacific and Asia, OSS never acquired the sound relationship with the military necessary for intelligence operations.London was at the heart of the Allied war effort, and at the heart of the Anglo-American alliance itself. While intelligence exchanges with the Soviet compact have been documented by Bradley F. Smith, London was the big league in Allied intelligence during the war. more significant matters were accordingly played-out there, offering detailed examples of intelligence services in action. The experiences of OSS in London thereof illuminate the process by which America was introduced to the various components of intelligence and clandestine work , and how well American intelligence performed in its own right.As the presumed precursor to the post-war US Central Intelligence Agency, OSS further invites study in order to understand the antecedents of Americas Cold War intelligence service. The significant Anglo-American context of the ontogenesis of modern American intelligence moreover suggests that the Anglo-American Special Relationship had an intelligence component that was manifested most strongly and clearly in OSS/London. (Bruce 2oo3 75) The mission thus provides case study of how US intelligence matured and became institutionalized within the context of the larger Anglo-American political-military alliance.This analysis accordingly examines an aspect of that alliance and of intelligence history in particular, that has not save been explored in any comprehensive detail. It is part of current historiographical review of the significance of intelligence services in military and international affairs. It specifically e xamines OSS/London within the context of Anglo-American relations, as well as the exploitation of both modern American, and Allied, intelligence during the Second World War.The general research approach blends what has been termed the American and British schools of intelligence scholarship. The more historical nature of British intelligence studies has been noted by Kenneth G. Robertson, while Roy Godsons Intelligence an American View, in Robertsons British and American Approaches to Intelligence, distinguishes betwixt this historical methodology and the more conceptual or theoretical nature of American studies (for example, Sherman Kents Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy).British diplomatic historiographer D. C. Watt has therefore identified these approaches as two distinct schools of intelligence study, though recent far-famed British contribution to the theoretical school is Michael Hermans Intelligence Power in Peace and War, which surveys the interrelations hip between post-war structures, tasks, and effectiveness. This study for its part demonstrates the influences of both schools by linking theoretical concepts to the role of intelligence ties within the larger wartime Anglo-American alliance.(Neville 2004 45) The second general purpose involves judging the relevance and professionalization of the OSS intelligence effort within the Anglo-American alliance, much of the quick literature on OSS has been preoccupied with the question of whether OSS had an impact on the war, of whether it accomplished anything of consequence. This very concern dominate the first ever OSS conference held at the US National Archives in July 1991. (Paul 2001 38-77)There has moreover been number of recent works beginning to examine the documentation on the OSS operational record in various geographic areas, such as Romania and China. 7 Richard Aldrich has gone considerable way toward surveying OSS link and rivalries with British intelligence in the Far E ast. 8 Particularly noteworthy in terms of this present study is Jay Jakubs recent Spies and Saboteurs, survey of Anglo-American collaboration and rivalry in espionage and special operations in trade union Africa, Yugoslavia, Asia, and France.Jakub focuses on identifying varying degrees of mutual dependence and independence in these specific operational realms, and is more considerably documented approach to the operational evolution of OSS, including within OSS/London. Having said that, no existing work on OSS has really addressed the experience of any OSS mission in terms of the trend identified by Andrew and Dilks, or provided comprehensive analysis of all the major OSS branches in their activities.The question of overall OSS significance to the war effort also remains largely unresolved historiographically. This present study therefore strives to detail OSS/Londons evolution and activities comprehensively, and to establish their larger significance to the institutionalizatio n of American intelligence after the war. The third major research goal flows naturally from the second to illuminate this alliance intelligence relationship within the larger framework of Anglo-American warring cooperation.This phrase was coined by David Reynolds to describe how Britain and America acted in concert as circumstances required, while lifelessness maneuvering for advantage and preeminence as powers. Linking this phenomenon with the ambiguity, ambivalence, misuse and circumstance inherent in intelligence operations as suggested by intelligence theory invites an analysis of the intelligence relations between two major wartime powers, or more bluntly, to place this intelligence study within the context of Great Power politics. (Anthony 2002 122-56)